{"id":4998,"date":"2021-04-14T20:24:51","date_gmt":"2021-04-15T01:24:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/?page_id=4998"},"modified":"2026-08-01T19:07:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T00:07:02","slug":"landmapper-for-near-surface-soil-surveys-and-beyond","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/landmapper-for-near-surface-soil-surveys-and-beyond\/","title":{"rendered":"LandMapper for near-surface soil surveys and beyond"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4998\" class=\"elementor elementor-4998\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1677263e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1677263e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-59f50197\" data-id=\"59f50197\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9a8777 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7c9a8777\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">News<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2092\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2092\" aria-expanded=\"false\">YouTube<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2093\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2093\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Learn More<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">News<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2091\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><ul><li>We have a few new models of LandMappers in stock in USA and Europe!<\/li><li>Please, <a class=\"sh_lead_button\" href=\"https:\/\/my.landviser.com\"> CONTACT US<\/a> to discuss the suitability of LandMapper ERM-03 or ERM-04 for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/soil-surveys\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">your applications<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-6052\" src=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide6-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"LandMapper Users and Applications\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide6-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide6-300x169.jpg 300w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide6-768x432.jpg 768w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide6.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2092\" aria-expanded=\"false\">YouTube<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2092\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2092\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Landviser&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/LandviserLLC\/videos\">YouTube Channel<\/a><\/p><table style=\"width: 100%;\"><tbody><tr><th><iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7OpPphWtNU8?start=1274\" width=\"760\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/th><th><p>We offer a full range of <strong>geophysical instruments <\/strong>and<strong> software<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li>Versatile field EC\/RES\/SP devices &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/landmapper\/\">LandMappers<\/a>;<\/li><li>Electromagnetic scanners (AEMP-14 and Geovizer);<\/li><li>Deep &amp; fast Electrical Tomography RES\/IP instruments (SibER-32, -48, -64);<\/li><li>Multifrequency 3D\u00a0 Ground Penetrating Radar (GRT-2X GPR &#8211; TerraZond);<\/li><li>RTK GPS\/GLONASS receivers;<\/li><li>RES2DINV \/ RES3DINV and Aarhus Workbench Geo software<\/li><\/ul><p>Contact us for <strong>advice<\/strong> on <strong>YOUR surveying project<\/strong> needs! Don&#8217;t get lost in details!<\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2093\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Learn More<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2093\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2093\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h3>Want to learn more? We explain complex technologies in simple terms!<\/h3><p>Register at our Geo-Tech Support Portal @ <a href=\"https:\/\/my.landviser.com\">https:\/\/my.landviser.com<\/a><\/p><p><strong>You can even install our Support App for iOS or Android from the link above!<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d461142 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d461142\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a83e28c\" data-id=\"a83e28c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5279cca elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5279cca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" src=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-20-1024x660.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4865\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-20-1024x660.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-20-300x193.jpg 300w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-20-768x495.jpg 768w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-20-1536x990.jpg 1536w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-20-2048x1320.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e745187\" data-id=\"3e745187\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde2afd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7dde2afd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In what areas can LandMapper be used?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50810c4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50810c4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>in agriculture (to determine the structure, texture and salinity of soils);<\/li><li>in archaeology and criminology (for searching for burials, non-metallic objects);<\/li><li>for treasure hunting;<\/li><li>to search for underground water (even to determine it`s direction);<\/li><li>in civil engineering, etc.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bdd67d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bdd67d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88e8ea3\" data-id=\"88e8ea3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-676ba46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"676ba46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"rtejustify js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1088\">On-the-go sensors, designed to measure soil electrical resistivity (ER) or electrical conductivity (EC) are vital for faster non-destructive soil mapping in precision agriculture, civil and environmental engineering, archaeology and other near-surface applications. Compared with electromagnetic methods and ground penetrating radar, methods of EC\/ER measured with direct current and four-electrode probe have fewer limitations and were successfully applied on\u00a0<a class=\"js-evernote-checked\" href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/salinityec_erranges.pdf\" data-evernote-id=\"287\">clayish and saline soils as well as on highly resistive stony and sandy soils<\/a>. However, commercially available contact devices, which utilize a four-electrode principle, are bulky, very expensive, and can be used only on fallow fields. Multi-electrode ER-imaging systems applied in deep geophysical explorations are heavy, cumbersome and their use is usually cost-prohibited in many near-surface applications, such as forestry, archaeology, environmental site assessment and cleanup, and in agricultural surveys on farms growing perennial horticultural crops, vegetables, or turf-grass. In such applications there is a need for\u00a0accurate, portable, low-cost device\u00a0to quickly check resistivity of the ground on-a-spot, especially on the sites non-accessible with heavy machinery.<\/p><h2 class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1089\">Four-electrode principle of EC\/ER measurements<\/h2><p class=\"rtejustify js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1090\">Our equipment utilizes well-known\u00a0<a class=\"js-evernote-checked\" href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/emethods_theory-3.pdf\" data-evernote-id=\"288\">four-electrode principle<\/a>\u00a0to measure electrical resistivity or conductivity (Fig).<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1091\">LandMapper<sup class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"425\">\u00ae\u00a0<\/sup>measures the potential difference (dV)<span class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1092\">\u00a0<\/span>that arises between two electrodes (M and N), when electrical current (<i class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1094\">I)\u00a0<\/i>is applied to the other two electrodes (A and B). The increase of the distance among four electrodes in a set allows measuring the resistivity of the deeper layers, f.e. the probe of A2M2N2B2 reaches deeper than A1M1N1B1 (Fig). In theory, the electrical resistivity (<i class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1095\">ER<\/i>) of a material is defined as follows: <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-6075\" src=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide14-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide14-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide14-300x169.jpg 300w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide14-768x432.jpg 768w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Slide14.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p><p class=\"rtejustify js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1096\">where\u00a0<i class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1097\">L<\/i>\u00a0is the length of a uniform conductor with a cross-sectional area\u00a0<i class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1098\">A<\/i>. A\/L is a geometrical coefficient (K), which is easily calculated for different in-situ electrode arrangements and laboratory conductivity cells. LandMapper<sup class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"426\">\u00ae\u00a0<\/sup>calculates electrical resistivity using the Ohm&#8217;s Law.<br \/>The direct digital output of the device is electrical resistivity (ER) in Ohm m. Those can be converted automatically in electrical conductivity (S\/m) inside LandMapper<sup class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"427\">\u00ae\u00a0<\/sup>ERM-02\/-04 by using the reciprocal of the measured resistivity: EC=1\/ER.<\/p><p class=\"rtejustify js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1100\">Thus, the measured results may as well be presented in convenient for soil scientists form of soil electrical conductivity (EC), which is routinely used to evaluate salinity of soils and irrigation water. However, EC can be used in many more applications than just soil salinity! Also, ERM-02 can output natural electrical potential (EP) of soil and plants, which has some specific applications in hydrology, civil engineering, forestry, and biology.<\/p><h2 class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1101\">Applications of EC\/ER technology in soil studies<\/h2><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1603 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/antrctida-caption-300x225.png\" alt=\"Landmapper survey frozen soils in Antarctica\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/antrctida-caption-300x225.png 300w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/antrctida-caption-768x576.png 768w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/antrctida-caption.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1103\"><b class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"419\">Mapping<\/b>\u00a0of soil properties\u00a0highly influencing density of mobile electrical charges (measured EC\/ER strongly correlates with those properties\u00a0<i class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1104\">in-situ<\/i>):<\/p><ol class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1105\"><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1106\">Soil salinity<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1107\">Soil texture (i.e. silt, sand and clay contents, the working formula needs to be developed)<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1108\">Coarse fragment content and depth to bedrock<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1109\">Depth to limiting layers like clay and plow pan (wastewater &#8211; leaching fields)<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1110\">Groundwater depth\u00a0&#8211; capillary rise extent in profile<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1111\">Correlations between soil EC maps and yield maps for many crops were established<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1112\">Depth and extent of<a class=\"js-evernote-checked\" href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/evaluate-soil-pollution\/\" data-evernote-id=\"289\">\u00a0permafrost.<\/a><\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1113\">Pollution detection &#8211; depth and limits (<a class=\"js-evernote-checked\" href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Electrical_methods_agriculture_2007_China.pdf\" data-evernote-id=\"290\">pollution during oil and gas mining, for example<\/a>)<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1114\">Location and stability of karsts and carbonate sinkholes.<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1115\">Mapping of soil disturbance and search for hidden objects (drainage pipes,\u00a0urban underground communications,\u00a0forensic and archaeological\u00a0applications).<\/li><li class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1116\">Estimating\u00a0depth of peat deposits\u00a0during prospecting and locating methane accumulations in natural bogs and swamps.<\/li><\/ol><h2 class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1117\"><b class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"420\">Monitoring<\/b>\u00a0processes where only one soil property is\u00a0changing:<\/h2><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1118\">12.\u00a0<a class=\"js-evernote-checked\" href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/resistivity_waterESSS78.pdf\" data-evernote-id=\"291\">Soil water content changes<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-492 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Landmapper-monitoring-methane-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"339\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Landmapper-monitoring-methane-300x225.jpg 300w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Landmapper-monitoring-methane-768x576.jpg 768w, http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Landmapper-monitoring-methane.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px\" \/><\/a><\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1119\">13. Monitoring fertilizer uptake and other solute transport in soils (f.e. during phytoremediation)<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1120\">14. Monitoring of freezing-melting processes in soil<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1121\">15. Mapping and monitoring\u00a0<a class=\"js-evernote-checked\" href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/J_urban_water_.pdf\" data-evernote-id=\"292\">leakage from the retention ponds\u00a0and sewage ponds<\/a>, and underground oil storage tanks.<\/p><h2 class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1123\">Applications in\u00a0<b class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"421\">soil genesis\u00a0<\/b>studies:<\/h2><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1124\">Many soils of humid areas developed under downward leaching and typically feature the eluvial horizon with very high resistivity.<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1125\">16. The thickness of horizons, the degree of eluviations and soil profile organization can be evaluated either without digging soil pits or by quick checking EC on the walls of soil pits.<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1126\">17. Measuring of\u00a0soil vertical and horizontal anisotropy\u00a0non-destructively.<\/p><h2 class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1127\">Special\u00a0<b class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"422\">applications beyond soil\u00a0<\/b>studies:<\/h2><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1128\">\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1129\">18. Forestry \u2013 in addition to evaluating all-important soil properties of forest soils, monitoring ER of a growing tree can indicate wood quality and if the plant is stressed (also electrical potential is especially useful in plant health studies as non-penetrating electrodes can be mounted on the surface of herbaceous plants).<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1130\">19. Evaluating and monitoring the stability of the roads (seasonal, gravel, asphalt, on permafrost or landslides, etc.).<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1131\">20. Measuring integrity of underground electrical cables and pipes (and soil corrosive properties).<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1132\">21. Monitoring charge-recharge processes in membrane resins in water purification plants or consumer distillers.<\/p><div class=\"media_embed js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1136\">\u00a0<\/div><blockquote class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1138\"><p class=\"rtejustify js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1139\">Richard Feynman once said: \u201cThere is not a single phenomenon in Nature which is not driven by electricity to some extent. \u201d (quote paraphrased). Richard Feynman (1918-88) had an enormous talent of explaining complicated scientific matters to non-scientists. Watch this short video where he admires wonders of electricity in the dentist\u2019s waiting room \u2013 \u201cElectricity is bigger than gravity!\u201d<\/p><h6 data-evernote-id=\"1139\">###################<\/h6><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1133\">22. \u2026.?\u00a0<strong class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"423\">Can you think of any other possible applications that can benefit if the electrical conductivity\/potential of a natural system could be measured quickly and non-destructively<\/strong>?<\/p><p class=\"js-evernote-checked\" data-evernote-id=\"1134\">We at <strong>Landviser<\/strong>\u00a0would like to hear from you!\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715713b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"715713b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">News<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">YouTube<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Learn More<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">News<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><ul><li>We have a few new models of LandMappers in stock in USA, Russia, and Europe!<\/li><li>Please, <a class=\"sh_lead_button\" href=\"https:\/\/my.landviser.com\/\"> CONTACT US<\/a> to discuss the suitability of LandMapper ERM-03 or ERM-04 for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/soil-surveys\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">your applications<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">YouTube<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Landviser&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/LandviserLLC\/videos\">YouTube Channel<\/a><\/p><table style=\"width: 100%;\"><tbody><tr><th><iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7OpPphWtNU8?start=1274\" width=\"760\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/th><th><p>We offer a full range of <strong>geophysical instruments <\/strong>and<strong> software<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li>Versatile field EC\/RES\/SP devices &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/landmapper\/\">LandMappers<\/a>;<\/li><li>Electromagnetic scanners (AEMP-14 and Geovizer);<\/li><li>Deep &amp; fast Electrical Tomography RES\/IP instruments (SibER-32, -48, -64);<\/li><li>Multifrequency 3D\u00a0 Ground Penetrating Radar (GRT-2X GPR &#8211; TerraZond);<\/li><li>RTK GPS\/GLONASS receivers;<\/li><li>RES2DINV \/ RES3DINV and Aarhus Workbench Geo software<\/li><\/ul><p>Contact us for <strong>advice<\/strong> on <strong>YOUR surveying project<\/strong> needs! Don&#8217;t get lost in details!<\/p><\/th><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Learn More<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h3>Want to learn more? We explain complex technologies in simple terms!<\/h3><p>Register at our Geo-Tech Support Portal @ <a href=\"https:\/\/my.landviser.com\">https:\/\/my.landviser.com<\/a><\/p><p><strong>You can even install our Support App for iOS or Android from the link above!<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>News YouTube Learn More News We have a few new models of LandMappers in stock in USA and Europe! Please, CONTACT US to discuss the suitability of LandMapper ERM-03 or ERM-04 for\u00a0your applications. YouTube Landviser&#8217;s YouTube Channel We offer a full range of geophysical instruments and software: Versatile field EC\/RES\/SP devices &#8211; LandMappers; Electromagnetic scanners (AEMP-14 and Geovizer); Deep &amp; fast Electrical Tomography RES\/IP instruments (SibER-32, -48, -64); Multifrequency 3D\u00a0 Ground Penetrating Radar (GRT-2X GPR&hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/landmapper-for-near-surface-soil-surveys-and-beyond\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">about LandMapper for near-surface soil surveys and beyond<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":134,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4998","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4998","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4998"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4998\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6292,"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4998\/revisions\/6292"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/landviser.biz\/dotcomsandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4998"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}